National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE) Dental Hygienist Practice Test

Which structure is primarily affected by periodontal disease?

1. Enamel

2. Pulp

3. Periodontal ligament

4. Dentin

The correct answer is: Periodontal ligament

Periodontal disease primarily affects the periodontal ligament, which is a critical structure in the periodontal system. This ligament helps anchor the tooth to the alveolar bone and provides the necessary support for the teeth during chewing and other functions. When periodontal disease occurs, it leads to inflammation, destruction of the periodontal ligament, and potential loss of support for the tooth. This condition can result in mobility of the teeth or even tooth loss if left untreated. Other structures such as enamel, pulp, and dentin are important to tooth health; however, they are not the primary targets of periodontal disease. Enamel can be affected by caries and erosion, pulp can become compromised by various conditions including deep decay or injury, and dentin can suffer from pulpitis or sensitivity issues. While these structures are vital to overall oral health, the hallmark of periodontal disease is its impact on the periodontal tissues, specifically the periodontal ligament and surrounding connective tissues. Thus, the correct answer highlights the most affected area in the context of periodontal disease.